https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/issue/feedJournal of Biology and Life Science2024-02-17T05:16:58-08:00Kelvin Leejbls@macrothink.orgOpen Journal Systems<p><em><strong>Journal of Biology and Life Science </strong></em><strong>(JBLS; </strong><strong>ISSN 2157-6076)</strong> is an internationally refereed journal, published online by Macrothink Institute, United States. The journal publishes research papers, reviews and short communications in all fields of biology and life science.</p><p>The journal is published <span><strong>semiannually in February and August.</strong> The journal accepts article submissions <a href="/journal/index.php/jbls/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions"><strong>online</strong></a> or by <a href="mailto:jbls@macrothink.org"><strong>e-mail</strong></a>. 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The online version can be free access and download.</p>https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/20859Occurrences of Dental Diseases in Dogs in a Teaching Animal Hospital, Morogoro, Tanzania2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Immanuel Justineimmanueljustine97@gmail.comModesta Makungumakunguliku@sua.ac.tz<p>Dental diseases are common in dogs with a prevalence of more than 80% in some breeds of dogs. They cause damage to oral health and may act as a source of bacteria causing other diseases such as endocarditis, pneumonia and arthritis. A cross section study was conducted to determine the current status on the occurrence of dental diseases in dogs attended at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Teaching Animal Hospital in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 87 dogs were examined macroscopically for the presence of dental diseases. Dogs examined in this study ranged from medium (93.1%) to large (6.9%) sized, and up to 73.6% were mixed-breed. The minimum and maximum ages of the dogs were 6 and 72 months, respectively, with majority being females (60.9%). The proportions of intact, spayed and castrated were 92%, 5.8% and 2.3%, respectively. Of the 87 dogs examined, 62.1% had different kinds of dental diseases. The frequently observed dental diseases were; dental deposits (43.7%), missing teeth (24.1%), periodontal disease (20.7%), dental attrition (16.1%), and dental abrasion (10.3%). Further, it was noted that none of the dogs had been previous underwent routine dental check-up or anaesthetised for dental cleaning. This study indicates that dental diseases are frequent in dogs attended at SUA Teaching Animal Hospital. Therefore, it is recommended that routine dental examination should be performed in dogs presented at the Teaching Animal Hospital. Further, there is a need for educating dog breeders and owners on the importance of dental home care.</p>2023-09-17T19:55:17-07:00Copyright (c) 2023 Immanuel Justine, Modesta Makunguhttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21453Effects of Methanol Extract of Albizia lebbeck Leaves on the Body Weight, Hematological Parameters and Histological Structures of Digestive Organs in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Gwakisa Aronigwakisaaroni@gmail.comRemmy Asseygwakisaaroni@gmail.comLusekelo Mwangengwagwakisaaroni@gmail.com<p>Due to its use in traditional medication and its<em> </em>leaves and pods being considered as potential fodder for livestock the toxicity of <em>Albizia lebbeck</em> needs to be thoroughly explored. The study evaluated the effects of 70% methanol extract of <em>Albizia lebbeck</em> leaves on body weight, hematological parameters and histopathology of digestive organs in Wistar rats. Twenty-one healthy adult female rats were experimented with and divided into two groups of six and fifteen animals. Six rats were randomly subdivided into two groups of three rats each for plant extract LD<sub>50</sub> determination at 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg dosages, respectively. Fifteen rats were randomly sub-allotted into three groups of five animals. Group I the control received distilled water by gavaging. Groups II and III received 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the extract, respectively—treatment covered 30 days. On day 31, the body weight of each rat was recorded before being sacrificed under chloroform. Blood was collected for hematological analysis. The liver and stomach were trimmed and processed for histopathology. The results revealed the LD<sub>50 </sub>of the extract to begreater than 5000 mg/kg. Extract treatment had no significant effects on the rat’s body weight. A significant (P<0.05) increase in WBC, Eosinophils, RBC, and Hematocrit was revealed at 100 mg/kg of extract treatment. A dosage of 400 mg/kg of the extract caused a significant increase in Eosinophils and Lymphocytes. However, the plant extract caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width at both doses, Monocytes and Neutrophils at 400 mg/kg and Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin at 100 mg/kg compared with the control. Both doses of the extract treatments caused lesions in the liver characterized by, necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration with no significant lesions in the stomach. In conclusion, the extract of <em>Albizia lebbeck</em> leaves caused a significant decrease in some hematological parameters and some lesions in the liver at 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.</p>2023-11-12T00:00:00-08:00Copyright (c) 2023 Gwakisa Aroni, Remmy Assey, Lusekelo Mwangengwahttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21476Unveiling the Factors behind the Lack of Human Anatomy Knowledge in Traditional Chinese Medicine2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Luwen Zhanglzhang2@unl.edu<p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic approach to healthcare that has been practiced for thousands of years. TCM offers effective treatments for a wide range of health conditions. However, in comparison to modern medicine, TCM places less emphasis on human anatomy in its diagnostic and treatment practices and has not developed a comprehensive system of human anatomy. By delving into the history, traditions, religion, and practice of TCM, the factors that have limited the development of human anatomy in TCM are identified. Firstly, reverence for tradition and religion may have suppressed motivation for advancement in this area. Secondly, the subjective nature of diagnosis and evaluating treatment outcomes in TCM reduces the necessity of studying human anatomy. Thirdly, the traditional education system in China had hindered the integration of human anatomy into TCM. Finally, cultural perspectives that prioritize the body as an integrated whole have also influenced the development of TCM. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the unique perspectives and values associated with TCM. Bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science will allow TCM to evolve while retaining its core principles. The integration of human anatomy into TCM will rejuvenate the whole research field by providing new insights into the mechanisms of TCM and maximize its potential in treating a wider range of diseases. TCM has made tremendous contributions to human health in the past and will continue to do so in the present and future.</p>2023-11-18T00:00:00-08:00Copyright (c) 2023 Luwen Zhanghttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21440Impact of Epigenetic Regulation on the Pathogenesis and Inheritance of Rheumatoid Arthritis2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Ahana Voraahanavora02@gmail.comCindy Xin Wen Zhangxwz20@cam.ac.uk<p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes joint and bone damage through inflammation. This chronic condition is often linked to genetic and environmental factors. With advancements in the field of epigenetics, increased speculation has arisen to understand the impact of DNA methylation, microRNAs, and histone modifications on the progression of RA. Studies have indicated that dysregulation in epigenetics significantly contributes to the pro-inflammatory landscape of RA. Furthermore, separate lines of evidence have shown that altered epigenetic patterns due to the disease can be inherited. This literature review aims to compile all available evidence regarding how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis and inheritance of RA.</p>2023-12-22T00:00:06-08:00Copyright (c) 2023 Ahana Ashish Vorahttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21286The Role of Sex Hormones and Race Disparities in Meningioma Incidence: A Comprehensive Review2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Anjana Bharathirajaanjana.bharathiraja7@gmail.com<p>Meningiomas, a slow-growing tumor originating from the meninges, affect a considerable proportion of individuals worldwide and account for approximately one-third of all brain tumors. But limited research has been conducted on meningiomas, particularly regarding the role of sex hormones and race disparities in tumor incidence and prognosis. The current review summarizes the significance of sex hormones, age, and race in meningioma development and therapy. Women have a higher risk of developing meningiomas when compared to men suggesting the potential benefit of personalized treatment approaches based on sex hormone levels.</p><p>Additionally, there are age-related disparities in meningioma risk, older persons have a higher risk of tumor development. Black Americans also have a higher incidence in meningiomas when compared to Americans of other races; contrary to the lower incidence rates observed in other African populations possibly due to differences in environmental and socio-economic factors. Further research is required to better understand the complex interplay between sex hormones, age, race, environmental and social factors in meningioma development. Collaborative research is crucial to address the current knowledge gaps in meningioma management and develop personalized strategies to manage this prevalent brain tumor.</p>2024-01-02T18:12:16-08:00Copyright (c) 2023 Anjana Bharathirajahttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21184Different Eggs Portions from Commercial Layers and Local Chickens Affected Differently, the Levels of Blood Lipids, and Abdominal and Liver Fat in Treated Wistar Rats2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Lusekelo Msomba Mwangengwalusamwange@yahoo.comFrida Richard Mgonjafmgonja@sua.ac.tz<p>The presented study investigated whether egg portions from commercial layers and local chickens may have different effects on the levels of blood lipids and visceral fat in consumers using Wistar rats as an experimental model. Prepared egg portions included the whole egg (mixture of Egg white + yolk), Egg white and egg yolk. Then, 35 rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 5). <strong>Group 1</strong> (control) received tap water. <strong>Groups 2, 3</strong> <strong>and 4</strong> received by gavaging 10mg/gBW of the commercial layer sourced whole egg, egg yolk and Egg white respectively. <strong>Groups 5, 6 and 7</strong> consumed the same amount of similar egg portions from local chickens. Also, all groups were maintained on broiler mash and adlib water (without restriction). Treatment covered 28 days, then, rats were sacrificed after sedation in ether. Blood was collected to analyze blood lipids. The abdominal fat and Liver were dissected and weighed. Hepatic fat infiltration was assessed by histological examination.</p><p>Rats eating the whole egg from either the commercial layer or local chickens had their abdominal fat and Liver’s weights increased significantly compared to the control. Also, rats eating the whole egg or only the egg yolk from either commercial layers or local chickens showed a significantly elevated serum TG, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to the control. Moreover, the effects caused by the commercial layer egg fractions exceeded significantly those caused by egg portions from local chickens. Moreover, the rats’ Liver histology indicated numerous fat-infiltrated, enlarged hepatocytes in rats that were orally gavaged by the whole egg or only the yolk from commercial layers. Also, regardless of the egg source, the egg white showed no significant effects on visceral fats and blood lipids of the treated rats.</p><p>In conclusion, feeding the egg whites had no significant effect on the visceral fat and blood cholesterol of the treated rats. However, the whole egg or egg yolk from commercial layers exceeded significantly similar egg portions from local chickens in increasing the levels of viscera fat and blood cholesterols in the treated rats.</p>2024-01-24T19:04:08-08:00Copyright (c) 2023 Lusekelo Msomba Mwangengwa, Frida Richard Mgonjahttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21717Assessment of Proteinase and Phospholipases Enzymes Isolated from Pathogenic Candida species from Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Southern Highland Regions of Tanzania2024-02-17T05:11:13-08:00Y Chaulaodulajalucy@yahoo.comJD Swillaodulajalucy@yahoo.comF Lyatuuodulajalucy@yahoo.comL A. Namkingaodulajalucy@yahoo.com<p>Fungi are a global cause of vaginal infections, with vaginal candidiasis largely afflicting tropical regions including most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, baseline studies have established the prevalence of <em>Candida</em> species among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women in Dar es Salaam (Namkinga <em>et al.</em>, 2005; Namkinga 2012) and in Mwanza (Mushi <em>et al.,</em> 2019). However, no study that has been done to determine the above-mentioned enzymes form <em>Candida</em> species in Southern Highland Regions of Tanzania. Several factors have been reported to contribute to the virulence and pathogenicity of <em>Candida</em>, among others the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, particularly phospholipase and proteinase. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the <em>in vitro </em>production of phospholipases and proteinases enzymes from isolated pathogenic <em>Candida </em>spp from pregnant women.</p><p>Of the 280 samples collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital were tested for several microbiological methods such as the wet mount microscopic preparations (hanging drop) and the Gram stained smears for microscopy, cultures on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and on Conidia enhancing medium (Corn meal agar), germ tube test, biochemical tests, sugar fermentation-assimilation tests and molecular test to characterize <em>Candida</em> species.</p><p>Phospholipase production was performed in egg yolk medium while the production of proteinase was done in a medium containing bovine serum albumin. All analyses were performed in triplicates.<strong> </strong>The results showed that;<strong> </strong>out of the<strong> </strong>280 tested, 155 (74.3%) isolates were phospholipase positive while 201 (96.6%) were positive for proteinase activity. <em>C. albicans </em>was the species with the highest number of positive isolates for proteinase and phospholipase 110 (95.6%), and most strains of <em>C. albicans</em> produce both enzymes (phospholipases and proteinases). The non-albicans<em> </em><em>Candida </em>isolates were also producers of hydrolytic enzymes that, consequently, might be able to cause infections as favorable conditions arises.</p>2024-02-17T00:00:00-08:00Copyright (c) 2024 Y Chaula, JD Swilla, F Lyatuu, L A. Namkingahttps://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/21718Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Biology and Life Science, Vol. 15, No. 12024-02-17T05:16:58-08:00Kelvin Leejbls@macrothink.org<p>Journal of Biology and Life Science (JBLS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JBLS<em> </em>publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.</p><p><strong>Reviewers for Volume 15, Number 1</strong></p><p>Bratko Filipic, CIETO, Slovenia</p><p>Homyra Tasnim, Louisiana State University, Bangladesh</p><p>Hui Xiang, Allergan, Inc., USA</p><p>Natalia Tkachuk, T.H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”, Ukraine</p><p>Ragab A. El-Mergawi, National Research Centre, Egypt</p><p>Xusniddin Boymurodov, Samarkand Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Uzbekistan</p><p> </p><p>Kelvin Lee</p><p>Editorial Assistant</p><p>Journal of Biology and Life Science</p><p>-------------------------------------------</p><p>Macrothink Institute</p><p>5348 Vegas Dr.#825</p><p>Las Vegas, Nevada 89108</p><p>United States</p><p>Tel: 1-702-953-1852 ext.510</p><p>Fax: 1-702-420-2900</p><p>E-mail 1: jbls@macrothink.org</p><p>E-mail 2: jbls@macrothink.com</p><p>URL: http://jbls.macrothink.org</p>2024-02-17T00:00:00-08:00Copyright (c) 2024 Kelvin Lee