Study of Land Potential and Suitability for Development Estate Crops on Buru Island, Moluccas Province, Indonesia

Moluccas widely recognized by the world community as a centre of high genetic diversity, including commodities producer of high economic value, such as estate crops. Although Moluccas has substantial resources, but has not been able to provide adequat e welfare for society because natural resources are available not optimally managed. Therefore, it is necessary to study the potential of land for the development of the estste crops. This research aims to determine the land potential and his referrals use for the development of estate crops on Buru Island (Buru and Southern Buru Regency). The methodology used was a desk study of some libraries and field observation. Land potential of Buru Island for developing a estate crops based on data analysis and use of existing biophysical taking into account the status of Journal of Agricultural Studies ISSN 2166-0379 2018, Vol. 6, No. 3 http://jas.macrothink.org 77 the forest is an area of 86,140 ha covering an area of moderate to high potential area of 58,650 ha, and low potential areas covering an area of 27,490 ha with limiting factor drainage, rooting conditions, nutrient retention, slope, rooting conditions, floods, water availability, and slope. Wherever according by Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) approach from AIAT Moluccas with using AEZ analysis data, present land use, and statistical data for 8 years (2009 – 2016) is an area of 34,923.36 ha with covering sub zone II ax 15,952.78 ha, sub zone II ax.i 8,924.26, sub zone II ay 5,887.99 ha, and sub zone II ay.i 4,158.33 ha.


Introduction
Agricultural development policy refers to the agricultural area layout should consider the feasibility, biophysical, economic, social and cultural, so that outcomes could improve the lives of farmers and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Therefore, the development of innovative approaches to agricultural research and agricultural development in accordance with the vision of Indonesia, which is building a farm with agro ecological zone (AEZ) approaches (Kasryno et al. 2002).
According Wiradisastra (1996), agricultural development by AEZ approach is sorting an agricultural development area into units smaller and have relatively homogeneous characteristics so that the recommendations given in accordance with the needs and potential of the region owned farms. Plantation sector has a very important role in the strategic and national development, especially in improving the prosperity and welfare of the people. The main target is the development of plantation planters improving standards of living as whole and sustainable farming systems by implementing integrated sustainable plantations.
Leading commodities development strategies should be implemented based on the principle of benefit and sustainability and integration. To achieve these objectives, the development should be based on potential plantation land, primarily directed at the land suitability class is suitable (S1) and is quite suitable (S2). To be able to utilize resources in a focused and efficient land necessary to provide comprehensive data and information on the climate, soil and other physical properties of the environment, as well as the growing requirements of the crop.
Data climate, soil, and other physical properties of the environment that influence plant growth and the management aspects need to be identified through the survey and mapping of land resources. Land resources data is required primarily for the benefit of agricultural development planning and development. The data generated from the survey and mapping of land resources is still difficult to be used by the user (users) for a plan without any interpretation for certain purposes (http:/bbsdlp.litbang.deptan.go.id/). Land evaluation is an approach or a way to assess the potential of land resources. Land evaluation results will provide information and /or direction of land use and value of production expectations are likely to be obtained. Dent & Young (1981) states that the land evaluation is the process of estimating the potential of land for alternative kinds of use, is one of the important components in the process of land use planning. According to FAO (1976), suitability of land or land suitability classification is a way of a land suitability for a particular use. While the land suitability classification is the appraisal process and grouping of units of land according to its suitability for a particular use (Hakim et al. 1986). One system used in this study is a framework for land suitability evaluation of land suistability the FAO. Land suitability assessment is divided into 4 levels of detail, ie order, class, subclass, and unit (Rossiter 1994;Djaenudin et al. 1993;Ritung et al. 2011), but was commonly used only to the subclass level.
Potential of an area for the development of agriculture is essentially determined by the match between the physical nature of the environment and land use requirements or the equirements of growing plants (Department of Agriculture 1997). Each agricultural commodity production to be able to grow and require specific growing conditions. According Djaenudin et al. (2003), commodities are cultivated on the land in accordance with the requirements of the growth will be able to produce optimally with high quality and requires relatively low inputs. Therefore, the potential and suitability of land as well as inhibiting factors for the development of a commodity to know in order to set the most appropriate commodity (Rossister & van Wambeke 1997).
Buru Island is one of a relatively large island in the Moluccas region with an area of approximately 860.787 ha (Moluccas Provincial Agriculture Office 2008). Potential land resource area is quite diverse because of differences in climate, parent material, soil, and topography/relief. The diversity of the land resource potential indicates the need for a proper land use planning, optimal and sustainable. Data and information of land resources is necessary to support agricultural development planning. This paper aims to provide information on the potential use of land and direction for the development of the estate crops on the Buru Island.

Reshaping Analysis Map of Agro-Ecology Zone (AEZ)
AEZ realignment map aims to validate the map of AEZ long Buru, which includes the districts of South Buru. AEZ map is a map spatial agricultural development for macro planning, including estate planning. In this mapping factor slope, soil, climate, and land use now (present land use) serve as the basis for zoning. Stages of the preparation of the map AEZ described below.
Preparation of maps/data. Land resource data, includes map RePPProT 1:250,000 scale soil map 1:100,000 or 1:250,000 scale, temperature and rainfall data from multiple weather stations and climate graduated there in the area over the last 10 years, the data/information relating the socioeconomic situation, maps Joint Operational Geographic (JOG) and administrative maps prepared.
Interpretation of the data. To specify an alternative commodity to be commercialized performed using Expert System software. Climate data and other resources that have been collected are prepared in accordance with the predetermined format to get agroecological zoning alternatives with commodities that have the potential to be developed in the zone.

Proper overlap (overlay).
Overlap exactly done to map AEZ with forest status maps and present land use. It aims to determine whether the region has seen in the manner intended, not suitable for use is lower than its capacity or is not appropriate because it is used beyond its capacity. At this stage also determined whether an area is needed intensification, extension or rehabilitation or conservation in the form of reforestation.
Completion map. Completion of the map is intended to explain the symbols in the map unit AEZ by making the legend map. The map legend provides the information contained in each set of maps covering AEZ: symbol zones, temperature regime (elevation), moisture regime, physiography, slope, soil group (Soil Survey Staff 1998), drainage and agricultural development zoning/forestry consisting of alternative production systems and commodities.

Criteria Used as Basis of AEZ Map
The criteria used in the preparation of AEZ map is: 1. Moisture regime, distinguished by 'humid (x)' if the dry months is equal to or less than 3 months, 'a little dry (y)' if the dry months between 4 to 7 months. If the state of the land is always inundated either permanently or periodically then given the symbol 'z'.
2. Temperature regime, divided into 3 groups: hot temperature regime/ isohipertermik (a) if the difference in average air temperature of the warmest and coldest daily greater than 5°C (the area with an altitude of <750 m above sea level/asl), the temperature cool/isothermic (b) if the difference average air temperature of the warmest and coldest day of less than 5° C (altitude >750 to 2,000 m asl.), and cold temperatures (c) at altitude > 2,000 m asl.
3. Relief, there are eight (8) groups based on the state of the ground zone, topography and land use types, namely: a. Zone I is the area with slope > 40%, the type of land use for forestry; b. Zone II is the area with slopes 15 -40%, the type of land use for plantation (annual crops); c. Zone III is the area with slopes between 8 -< 15% with the type of land for agro-forestry agro-forestry); d. Zone IV is the area with slopes between 0 -< 8% with the type of land use for food crops; e. Zone V is the region with the slope < 3%, peat soil type to the type of land use for horticulture (shallow peat with thickness <150 cm) or forestry (deep peat with thickness > 150 cm); f. Zone VI is the region with the slope < 3% in the acid sulfate soil or saline soil by land use type for fisheries (aquaculture) or to forest (mangrove); g. Zone VII is a region with a slope < 3% with a growing set of soil from quartz with the type of land use for forestry beach/marsh (pandanus); h. Zone VIII is the area with slopes < 8% in shallow or rocky soil with the type of land use for livestock (pasture). ISSN 2166-0379 2018 Symbol 'i' on agroecological subzona means the use of land in accordance with its designation now means the area should diintensifikasi.

Field Verification
Verification is done to get a general overview of efforts by farmers and plantation as well as match results, with the actual conditions in the field.

Data Collection
Data collected included primary and secondary data. Collection of secondary data obtained from the CBS, districts, and related agencies, including acreage, harvested area, production and productivity of plantation crops. Primary data were collected with participatory rural approach

Climate of Buru Island
Climate of northern regions of Buru Island (Namlea) including Awa categorized according to Koppen classification and category class D according to Schmidt and Ferguson with an average of 6.1 months and 4.2 months of dry wet, while areas of Buru Island and southern central part, including Afa according to the Koppen classification and class B category according to Schmidt and Ferguson with an average of 8.4 months and 2.6 months wet dry (Table 1). Oldeman based classification, regional climate Namlea included in class E, which is an area with a wet month less than 3 months in a row and the long dry months, while the area Leksula including climate type C1, ie wet month over 5 months and in a small area of adjacent to the mountains to have a different climate class.  Table 2.

Land Use of Buru Island
Landsat image analysis results were equipped with field observational data indicate that the use of land on the island of Buru divided into fields, grass and bushes, shrubs, moor and village, eucalyptus and shrubs, coconut and mixed farms, primary forest, secondary forest, mangrove, sago forest, and open land, such as in Table 3.   Table 4. ISSN 2166-0379 2018 Table 6.

Condition of Estate Crops at Buru Island
Estate crops that occupy the largest planting area on Buru Island is coconut. Area of coconut cultivation on Buru Island in year 2016 amounted to 15,684 ha, much higher compared to other commodities (Table 7). The second and third larged planting area is cacao and cloves, each 10,897 and 8,740 ha, respectively.

Conclusions
Based on the analysis of Agro-Ecology Zone map, land potential of Buru Island for development of estate crops was area of 34,923.36 ha (4.08%) of the total area of Buru Island, spread on subzona IIax, IIax.i, IIay and IIay.i. The area does not include dryland for food and agroforestry.
Based on data from Institute of Agriculture Moluccas Province, land suitablity for estate crops of Buru Island area of 169,979 ha, consisting of suitable class (S1) covering an area of 51,597 ha, is enough suitable class (S2) covering an area of 54,235 ha, and the marginally suitable (S3) covering an area of 64,147 ha.
Coconut, cocoa and cloves are the three estate crops that occupy the widest area on Buru Island, but nutmeg plant is one of the potential estate crops to be developed.