The Relationship between Leisure Satisfaction and Social Media Addictions of Individuals at University

This study aimed to determine the relationship between leisure satisfaction and social media addiction of university students. The study group of the research was formed by the voluntary participation of 193 students (133 male and 60 female), studying at the School of Physical Education and Sports of Istanbul Geli ş im University. In addition to the personal information form, the “Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS)” developed by Beard and Raghep (1980) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçe and Orhan (2011), and the “Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS)” developed by Bak ı r Ay ğ ar and Uzun (2018) were used as data collection tools. After the data showed normal distribution in the Kolmogrov-Smirnov normality test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were used in the analysis. The level of significance in the study was set at 0.05. In the research findings; gender and age groups of individuals affect their leisure time satisfaction levels; It has also been found that age groups affect social media addiction. As a result, it was determined that leisure satisfaction levels and social media addiction changed according to various variables of university students, and a negative significant relationship was found between leisure satisfaction and social media addiction.


Introduction
Due to the development of technology, the advancement of science and the convenience brought to the working lives of people in the century we live in, the leisure of individuals is increasing today compared to the past (Jensen & Naylor, 2005). The increasing importance of leisure in contemporary societies has caused scientists to focus on the meaning and importance of this time period (Hou, 2003). For instance, Edginton (2006) has stated that leisure is an important factor affecting the peace and welfare of people, societies and even nations in all respects, and Chen et al. (2013) have stated that these time frames are an important way for people to have feelings of pleasure, desire and success.
In a general definition, leisure activities are defined as a set of activities in which individuals participate in their leisure (Paggi et al., 2016). While Gürbüz and Henderson (2013) have stated that individuals benefit from both psychological and social aspects in their leisure time activities, Yang (2006) has shown that activities in leisure are used by people, he also has stated that it has benefits in many areas including social, mental, physical and social. In this context, individuals participating in these activities can socialize, develop their knowledge and skills, and achieve positive emotions (Li et al., 2019).
Today, the satisfactions of individuals have gained when they participate in leisure activities is an important issue as a factor that affects each point of their lives (Gökçe, 2008), and it is one of the basic principles for increasing the quality of life of individuals (Çelik, 2011). Individuals should provide themselves with more opportunities in their daily lives for the satisfaction they obtain in leisure activities because these activities are extremely important for the happiness of individuals (Broughton & Beggs, 2006), and the activities help individuals to increase their quality of life and to continue their daily life in a healthy way by moving them away from daily problems (Demiral, 2018).
With the participation of individuals in leisure activities, they obtain satisfaction from various aspects. This obtained satisfaction is expressed as leisure satisfaction (Broughton & Beggs, 2006). Leisure satisfaction scale was developed by Beard and Raghep (1980) and has six sub-dimensions (psychological, educational, social, relaxation, physical, aesthetically) (Huang, 2003). When leisure time satisfaction is examined psychologically, it indicates the satisfaction gained in terms of the level of freedom that people perceive in leisure time activities (Beard & Ragheb, 1980). Leisure satisfaction is explained as the individual's getting to know his/her environment, intellectual development and the satisfaction of learning and experiencing new things by educational sub-dimension (Ekinci, 2019). Social satisfaction achieved by individuals in leisure activities in which they participate helps them to establish a positive relationship with their environment (Huang, 2003). While the relaxation sub-dimension includes the release of the individual's stress and emotional peace (Choi & Fu, 2015), the physiological sub-dimension consists of feelings of satisfaction from physiological benefits such as staying fit and healthy (Sönmezoğlu et al., 2014). The aesthetic sub-dimension, which individuals acquire in the leisure time activities they participate in, expresses the level of satisfaction obtained from the space and focus on the design of the space where the individual participates (Choi & Fu, 2015).
Social media are online environments that enable people to introduce themselves in a social environment, and share their ideas, thoughts, photos, and videos with other people (Çolak, 2020). Turban et al. (2002) have defined social media as platforms where individuals share their photos, videos, music, thoughts and experiences. Especially in recent years, due to the the spread of the internet, the advancement of technology, and the fact that smart mobile phones, computers and tablets are indispensable devices of daily life for people, and the use of social media platforms have started to increase day by day (Bayraktar, 2020). The negative effects of these uncontrolled and excessive use of social media platforms on people are defined as social media addiction in the literature (Bilginer, 2020). Social media addiction symptoms are similar to addiction to other behaviours (Echeburua & Corral, 2010). Wilson et al. (2010) have stated that visiting social media sites at least four times a day creates addiction.
The reason for their commitment to social media is the ability of people not only to communicate with family members or friends but also to many people from various parts of the world with each other through social platforms (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). Another reason for dependence on social media platforms is that people's desire to be aware of the events happening instantly, to make sense of the developments and to communicate with groups can be realized through social media platforms (Becan, 2018;Alkaya, 2020). Balta (2019) have concluded that the boredom, loneliness, unhappiness of individuals, insufficient communication with family members, communication established through social media and desire to be liked on social media are the causes of social media addiction.
In today's communication age, the intense use of social media (Alkaya, 2020) has started to reveal the negativities such as isolation from society, solitude, increasing dependence, decreasing sense of privacy, and disclosure of private life (Özçağlayan, 1998;Yayman, 2019). Moreover, the loss of privacy in private life causes family problems and humiliation of individuals in the eyes of society (Ulusoy, 2017). Longstreet and Brooks (2017) have stated that life satisfaction is an important factor in reducing social media addiction. Similarly, Siyahtaş (2020) have stated that the realization of life satisfaction and leisure satisfaction is inevitable for individuals to live a peaceful, happy, depressed and stress-free life. Therefore, it is necessary to examine leisure time satisfaction, which has an important effect on social media addiction among young people day by day. When the literature was examined, there were various studies on leisure satisfaction (Ito, 2017;Güngörmüş et al., 2018;Serdar, 2016;Muzindutsi & Masango, 2015;Park et al., 2016;Akgül et al., 2015;Park et al., 2017;Serdar & Mungan Ay, 2016;Matsumoto et al., 2018;Tercan Kaas & Artımaç, 2017;Serdar et al., 2018;Yaşartürk, 2019). However, there are no studies examining the effect of leisure satisfaction on social media addiction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the leisure satisfaction gained in leisure activities of university students and social media addiction.

Research Model
Screening model, which is one of the quantitative research methods; It is a research model that seeks to identify existing or past situations. Among the scanning models, the relational scanning pattern is tried to determine the existence of change among variables, and if there is a change, how it is (Karasar, 2020). In this study, one of the quantitative research methods was conducted according to the scanning model and in accordance with the relational scanning pattern.

Research Group
The study group consisted of 193 voluntarily participated students, 133 "males" (68.9%) and 60 "females" (31.1%), studying at the School of Physical Education and Sports in Gelişim University. Gelişim University is a private university located in the province of Istanbul.

Data Collection Tools
In this study, "leisure time satisfaction scale" and "social media addiction scale" were used in addition to personal information form.

Personal Information Form
The personal information form was created with the aim of determining the various personal characteristics (gender, age, department, class, wealth levels) of individuals.

Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS)
LSS was developed by Beard and Raghep (1980) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçe and Orhan (2011). LSS consisted of 24 items, 6 sub-dimensions (psychological, educational, social, relaxation, physical, aesthetic). The scale was 5-point Likert type ("rarely true", "rarely correct", "sometimes correct", "often true" an "almost always r-true"). To determine the internal consistency reliability of the Turkish version of LSS, the calculated Cronbach Alpha value for the overall scale was determined as .90 (Gökçe & Orhan, 2011).

Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS)
SMAS, developed by Bakır Ayğar and Uzun (2018), consisted of 26 items, and 3 sub-dimensions (functional deterioration, control difficulty and deprivation, social isolation). The scale was 5-point Likert type (1-never, 2-rarely, 3-occasionally, 4-often 5-always). While the minimum score that can be obtained from the scale was 26, the maximum score was 130. There were no reverse-coded items on the scale. The Cronbach alpha of internal consistency was calculated as .95 for the scale, .92 for the sub-dimension of control difficulty and deprivation, .91 for the sub-dimension of functional deterioration, and .81 for the sub-dimension of social isolation. The validity study of the scale was obtained by exploratory factor analysis.

Data Analysis
SPSS 20.0 package program was used in the statistical analysis of the data of the participants. The distribution of the demographic characteristics of the participants was made by the method of percentage (%) and frequency (f). After understanding the normal distribution of the data in the Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test were applied in the analyzes. Differences between groups were determined via the Tukey test. The level of significance was determined as 0.05 in the analyses.

Discussion and Conclusion
In recent years, the advancement of technology, the invention of the latest technology smartphones, computers and tablets, and the increase in social media platforms increased the dependence of people on these platforms to keep up with today's conditions. In parallel with this addiction, it isolated people from society and caused health problems by pushing people to immobilize. Advancing technology was also known to increase people's leisure. The question of whether the satisfaction achieved in these leisure activities affected social media addiction was the aim of this study.
In the study, it was thought that it was very important for young people to be a research group, especially because they were more dependent on social media. A significant difference was found between the "social" and "aesthetic" sub-dimensions of LSS according to the gender of the participants. As a result, it can be said that the significant difference in these sub-dimensions is in favour of female, and it can be said that female provide more satisfaction in leisure time than male. While there were studies supporting this result in the Journal of Educational Issues ISSN 2377-22632021 literature (Sönmezoğlu et al., 2014;Yazgeç, 2019;Serdar, 2016;Tepeköylü Öztürk, 2019;Beşikçi, 2016;Çakır, 2017;Ngai, 2005), there were studies that did not support the results of our study as well (Ardahan & Yerlisu Lapa, 2010;Broughton & Beggs, 2007;Çelik, 2011).
Although the mean scores of the participants were in favour of female among the SMAS sub-dimensions according to their gender, no statistically significant difference was found. It was observed that there were studies that support our literature research (Aktan, 2018;Baz, 2018) and also there were studies that did not support (Yılmazsoy & Kahraman, 2017;Deniz & Gürültü, 2018;Tutgun Ünal, 2015;Çiftçi, 2018). Whether social media addiction differed significantly between genders was an expected situation. Especially the differences in the sample group and the differences in the time periods of the research can be expected to reveal meaningful or non-significant results between the genders.
According to the results, significant difference was found between the "psychological", "educational", "relaxation" and "aesthetics" sub-dimensions of LSS according to the age groups of the individuals. It was seen that the significant difference was between the individuals in the 18-21 age group and the individuals in the 22-25 age group, and this significant difference was found to be in favour of the individuals in the 18-21 age group. In this context, it can be concluded that individuals in the 18-21 age group had higher leisure satisfaction. When the literature was examined, a significant difference was found between leisure satisfaction according to age groups in the studies conducted by Ayhan et al. (2018), Ayyıldız (2015) and Ayyıldız and Gökyürek (2016), while in the study conducted by Siyahtaş (2020), there was a significant negative relationship in the "educational" sub-dimension. This result was parallel to our study.
According to the research results, a statistically significant difference was found between the sub-dimensions of SMAS according to the age groups of the individuals. While it was determined that the significant difference determined was between the age groups 18-21 and 22-25, it can be said that especially individuals in the 18-21 age group had higher social media addiction. When the studies conducted were examined, in the studies conducted by Çiftçi (2018), Yayman (2019), andBilginer (2020), no significant differences were found between social media addictions according to the ages of the participants. Therefore, the studies conducted and the result of our research were not parallel.
Considering that especially the young generation's usage of social media was higher, the effect of leisure satisfaction on social media addiction was the main hypothesis of the study. As a result, a moderate negative relationship was found between the satisfaction achieved by individuals participating in leisure activities and social media addiction. In previous studies, it was concluded that satisfaction achieved in leisure increased life satisfaction (Köksal, 2019), perceived freedom (Serdar, 2016), life well-being (Liu, 2014) and motivation (Beşikçi et al., 2019). Moreover, studies concluded that satisfaction achieved in leisure time reduced depression (Chang et al., 2018) and loneliness (Siyahtaş, 2020). Therefore, in our study, the expected result was that leisure time satisfaction reduced social media addiction, and it was thought that all individuals, especially young individuals, should give more importance to leisure and provide a higher level of satisfaction in these time periods.