The Investigation According to Some Variables of COVID-19 Fear Levels of High School Students in the Pandemic Process

The aim of this study was to examine the COVID-19 fear of high school students in the COVID-19 pandemic proccess, based on a few characteristics. Within the scope of this aim, the study’s research group; in the 2020-2021 academic year, a total of 760 students, 382 girls and 378 boys, were identified using a sample technique that can be readily located among high school students who continue their studies in Kr ş ehir province. In the research, for determining the COVID-19 fear levels of students, Ahorsu et al. (2020), and Bakio ğ lu et al. (2020) “COVID-19 Fear Scale” adapted into Turkish was used. Kolmogorov-Smirnowa values showed that the data were normally distributed. Frequency and percentage analyzes were applied in descriptive statistics, T test was used in the analysis of binary groups, and One way Anova was used in the analysis of three or more groups. As a result of these analyzes, it was determined that the high school students participating in the study had a moderate (x ̄ = 15.7) fear of COVID-19. It was determined that the COVID-19 fear levels of high school students the high school students’ fear of COVID-19. As a conclusion, it was shown that fear of COVID-19 in high school students created substantial disparities in favor of girls only on the basis of gender. Other characteristics revealed in the study had no significant effect on high school students’ COVID-19 fear levels.

without a sports background (not doing sports) before the pandemic, according to some variances.

Method
The study's purpose was to see if there was a significant difference in the COVID-19 fear levels of high school students to the pandemic process, based on several characteristics. In this frame, the research is a relational screening model. In this approach, which is based on researching and describing a past or present situation as it is, the event, phenomenon or situation that is the subject of the research is tried to be explained as it is (Karasar, 2015).

Study Group
The study group of the research consists of a total of 760 participants, 382 women and 378 men, determined by the sampling method that can be easily found among the high school students studying in the province of Kırşehir in the 2020-2021 academic year.

Data Collection Tools
In order to determine the COVID-19 fear levels of students as a data collection tool; the "COVID-19 Fear Scale" developed by Ahorsu et al. (2020) was adapted into Turkish by Bakioğlu et al. (2020) used in the research.

COVID-19 Fear Scale
COVID-19 Fear Scale: developed Ahorsu et al. (2020) and adapted into Turkish by Bakioğlu et al. (2020), this scale is a likert-type scale developed to measure the level of COVID-19 fear levels of individuals. It consists of one dimension and 7 items. There is no reverse item in the scale. The total score obtained from all items of the scale reflects the level of fear of Coronavirus  experienced by the individual. The scores that can be obtained from the scale range from 7 to 35. A high score from the scale means experiencing a high level of fear of coronavirus. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was determined as .88. In this study, the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be .92.

Analysis of Data
The data acquired in the research were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 package program. Kolmogorov-Smirnow test was used to test whether the data showed normal distribution, after it was determined that the data were normally distributed, students' gender, did you take part in school teams before the pandemic, did you play licensed sports before the pandemic, did you get COVID-19 disease, independent sample was used for the variables. In the test; age, class, pre-pandemic sport type and pre-pandemic sport duration variables were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA (One-Way Analysis of Variance).  ISSN 2377-2263 When Table 1 is examined, according to the gender variable, 49.7% (n = 378) of the students are male and 50.3% (n = 382) are female. According to the age variable, 4.2% (n = 32) of the students participating in the study were 14 years old and under, 29.7% (n = 226) were 15 years old, 29.2% (n = 222) were 16 years old, 32.1% (n = 244) were 17 years old, 4.7% (n = 36) were 18 years or older. According to the class variable, 32.1% (n = 244) of the students were 1st grade, 27.9% (n = 212) 2nd grade, 29.7% (n = 226) 3rd grade, % 10.3 (n = 78) of them are studying as 4th grade students. Before the pandemic, 39.5% (n = 300) of the students took part in the school teams, while 60.5% (n = 460) were not in the school teams. Before the pandemic, 38.2% (n = 290) of the students did sports under license, and 61.8% (n = 470) did not do sports under license. According to the type of sport the students did before the pandemic, 13.2% (n = 100) did individual sports, 31.3% (n = 238) did team sports, 55.5% (n = 422) did the pandemic. He/She have not done any sports before. Before the pandemic, according to the variable of duration of active sports, 64.5% (n = 490) did sports for 1-2 years, 19.5% (n = 148) did sports for 3-4 years, 8.7% Six of them (n = 66) did sports for 5-6 years, 4.5% (n = 34) did sports for 7-8 years, 2.9% (n = 22) did sports for 9 years or more. According to the situation of contracting the COVID-19 disease during the pandemic process, 17.9% (n = 136) of the students got the disease, and 82.1% (n = 624) have not been caught to an illness. When Table 2 is examined, the average score the students got from the fear of COVID-19 scale is x̄ = 15.7±7.17. With this score obtained from the scale, which can be scored in the range of 7-35, it was seen that the participant group had "moderate" COVID-19 fears. Since the number of participants was over 50 to examine the distribution of the data in Table 3, it was determined that the distribution of the data was not normal as a result of the Kolmagrov Smirnova analysis, which is one of the normal distribution analyses (p < 0.05). However, when the other assumptions of the normal distribution, the closeness of the mean-media and the requirement that the kurtosis skewness values be in the range of ±1.5, the Q-Q Plot curve and Histogram graphs are examined; According to the variables, it was determined that these values also fit the normal distribution. According to the central limit theorem, a sample size above 30 indicates that the distribution is close to normal. Since the sample size is 760, it can be concluded that although the distribution is not normal, it does not deviate from the normal distribution according to the central limit theorem. In the light of this information, it was determined that the data did not diverge too far from the normal distribution, and it was considered to use normal distribution analyzes for the study.

Journal of Educational Issues
In Table 4, the t-test results regarding the significant difference in the fears of COVID-19 according to the gender of the students are given.  Table 4 is examined; As a result of examining whether there is a significant difference in the fear of COVID-19 according to the gender of the students, it was determined that there was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean scores of the fear of COVID-19 according to the gender. When the significant difference was examined from which group, it was concluded that the mean scores obtained from the fear of COVID-19 scale were significantly different in favor of female students. In other words, it was determined that female (x̄ = 17.26) students' fear of COVID-19 was significantly higher than male (x̄ = 14.21) students.
In Table 5, the t-test results regarding the significant difference in the fears of COVID-19 according to the status of the students in the school teams before the pandemic are presented. ISSN 2377-2263  When Table 5 is examined; As a result of examining whether there was a significant difference in COVID-19 fears according to the status of students in school teams before the pandemic, it was determined that the status of being in school teams before the pandemic did not create a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears.

Journal of Educational Issues
In Table 6, the t-test results regarding the significant difference in the fears of COVID-19 according to the licensed sports status of the students before the pandemic are given. When Table 6 is examined; As a result of examining whether there is a significant difference in COVID-19 fears according to the licensed sports status of the students before the pandemic, it was determined that the licensed sports status of the students before the pandemic did not create a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean scores of the COVID-19 fears.
In Table 7, the t-test results of the significant difference in the fears of COVID-19 according to the students' status of contracting the COVID-19 disease are given. ISSN 2377-2263    When Table 8 is examined; As a result of examining whether there is a significant difference in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears according to the age variable of the students, there is a significant difference in the mean scores of the COVID-19 fears according to the age variable (p > 0.05). Because of the homogeneous distribution of group variances, Scheffe test, one of the Post-Hoc tests, was applied.

Journal of Educational Issues
In Table 9, One-Way ANOVA Results regarding the difference in COVID-19 fears according to the class variable of the students are given. ISSN 2377-2263  When Table 9 is examined; As a result of examining whether there is a significant difference in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears of the students according to the class variable, no significant difference was found in the mean scores of the COVID-19 fears according to the class variable (p > 0.05). Because of the homogeneous distribution of group variances, Scheffe test, one of the Post-Hoc tests, was applied.

Journal of Educational Issues
In Table 10, One-Way ANOVA results regarding the difference in COVID-19 fears according to the variable of duration of doing sports before the pandemic are given. When Table 10 is examined; As a result of examining whether there is a significant difference in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears according to the variable of the duration of doing sports before the pandemic of the students, no significant difference was found in the mean scores of the fears of COVID-19 according to the time of doing sports before the pandemic (p > 0.05). Because of the homogeneous distribution of group variances, Scheffe test, one of the Post-Hoc tests, was applied. ISSN 2377-2263 In Table 11, One-Way ANOVA Results regarding the difference in COVID-19 fears according to the type of sport students have done before the pandemic are given. When Table 11 is examined; As a result of examining whether there was a significant difference in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears according to the type of sport they did before the pandemic, no significant difference was found in the mean scores of COVID-19 fears according to the type of sport before the pandemic (p > 0.05). Because of the homogeneous distribution of group variances, Scheffe test, one of the Post-Hoc tests, was applied.

Discussion and Result
In this study, it was aimed to compare according to some variables of COVID-19 fears of high school students in the pandemic process, which negatively affected the whole world. The findings of the study show that the COVID-19 fear levels of the students are only affected by the gender variable and the COVID-19 fear levels of the students participating in the study are affected by variables such as age, class, being in the school team, doing licensed sports, type of sport, duration of doing sports and being caught COVID-19 situation was found to be unaffected.
As a consequence of the study's findings, it was determined that the mean scores of female students on the "COVID-19 Fear" scale, according to the gender variable, were substantially higher than those of male students. When we the literature is considered, there are researches that that support our findings. Bakioğlu, Korkmaz, and Ercan (2020) reported that the fear of COVID-19 is significantly higher in women in their study with 960 adult individuals. Gencer (2020) reported that women's fear of coronavirus is higher than men. Arpacıoğlu et al. (2021) reported that the mean scores of women on the COVID-19 scale were higher than those of men. Studies that do not show parallelism with our research are; According to Duman (2020), it was reported that there was no significant difference in COVID-19 fear levels according to the gender variable. Arıkan (2021) reported that there was no significant difference in the mean scores of female and male participants from the COVID-19 fear scale according to the gender variance.
In our research, the mean scores of the students on the COVID-19 scale according to the age variable revealed that there was no significant difference in fear of COVID-19 between age groups. Given that the COVID-19 epidemic primarily affects older people, it is hypothesized that the fact that our study sample consisted of high school students and younger people were less afflicted by this disease may have contributed to this finding. Ciftci and Demir (2020) found that the COVID-19 fear scores of the participants did not differ depending on their age during the pandemic process. Arıkan (2021) reported that there was no significant difference between the average scores of the participants from the COVID-19 fear scale according to the age variable. In these studies, researchers have reached findings that support our study. However, according to Gencer (2020), there were substantial disparities in the scores of the groups based on the age variable. The group with the smallest average age was observed to have the highest fear of COVID-19, and as the participants' ages increased, their fear of COVID-19 reduced. This study shows no parallelism with ours.
In our study, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the students from the COVID-19 scale according to the class variable across the class groups in terms of dread of the COVID-19. There are no studies in the literature that show comparable or different findings depending on the class variable.
In our analysis, we discovered that the average score of the students on the COVID-19 scale according to the variable of being on the school team before to the pandemic, and the status of being on the school team prior to the pandemic, did not produce a significant difference in terms of fear of COVID-19. In the literature, there were no studies in which similar and different results were obtained according to the variable of being in the school team before the pandemic.
In our study, we discovered that the average score of the students on the COVID-19 scale according to the licensed sporting variable before to the pandemic, and the licensed sports status prior to the pandemic, did not produce a significant difference in terms of fear of COVID-19. In the literature, no studies were found in which similar and different results were obtained according to the variable of doing licensed sports before the pandemic.
In our study, we observed that the average score of the students on the COVID-19 scale based on the type of sport they participated in before to the pandemic did not produce a significant difference in terms of fear of COVID-19 based on the type of sport they participated in prior to the pandemic. There are studies in the body of the literature that back up our findings. Çiftçi and Demir (2020) found that the level of fear of the participants due to COVID-19 is moderate and that it can be interpreted as that the football players who play team sports do not have too many mental problems due to COVID-19. Arıkan (2021) reported that they found that the difference between the average COVID-19 scale scores of the candidates who did team sports and individual sports was not statistically significant.
In our study, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the students on the COVID-19 scale based on the variable of the length of performing sports, and the fear of COVID-19 between the groups of time to do sports. There was no research in the literature that had comparable or dissimilar outcomes based on the variable of length of doing sports. ISSN 2377-2263 In our research, we revealed that the average score of the students on the COVID-19 scale based on the variable of capturing COVID-19 did not result in a significant difference in terms of fear of COVID-19 based on the scenario of catching COVID-19. There are studies in the body of the literature that support our research results. Bakioğlu, Korkmaz, and Ercan (2020) reported that the level of fear of COVID-19 does not cause a significant difference according to the status of himself or one of his relatives contracting the disease. The findings of this study show parallelism with the results of our study. According to Arkan (2021), the difference in average COVID-19 scale scores between individuals with a history of COVID-19 and those without a history of COVID-19 was not statistically significant.

Journal of Educational Issues
As a consequence, high school students' fear of COVID-19 is modest, and according to the study's findings, several elements play a role (age, class, being in the school team, licensed sports, type of sports, duration of sports and catching COVID-19) It was discovered that there were no significant variations in COVID-19 concerns. The explanation for this is assumed to be because COVID-19 illness primarily affects middle-aged and older persons, and hence there is no substantial difference in COVID-19 fear levels among young people depending on the factors tested. In our study, it was seen that the only variable that significantly affected the fear of COVID-19 was gender. Based on this finding, it was discovered that female students' COVID-19 fear levels were much greater than male students. This is supposed to be because female students have a more emotional and vulnerable structure.