Email this article 
Successful Billing Strategies in the Hospital Industry
Abstract
This paper explores the negative impact of changing Medicare regulations have on hospital profitability. Findings indicate that the successful strategies billing managers could use to ensure Medicare reimbursement and profitability include remaining up to date with Medicare changing compliance regulations, enhancing communication with staff, multiple departments, and Medicare, and adopting a robust billing system and other systems that compliment billing. Since the implementation of changes, hospitals continued to foster criterion to ensure successful Medicare reimbursement, thereby remaining in operation to continue to support the healthcare needs of families in the local communities. The biggest obstacle for hospitals is the ever-revolving Medicare reform and the effects it has on lowering reimbursement for the hospital industry. Hospitals that are affected by reform report issues that relate to the Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS), payment for performance, and value-based payments.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aaronson, E. L., Filbin, M. R., Brown, D. M., Tobin, K., & Mort, E. A. (2017). New mandated centers for Medicare and Medicaid services requirements for sepsis reporting: Caution from the field. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 52, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.08.009
Adams, M., Gardner, G., & Yates, P. (2017). Investigating nurse practitioners in the private sector: A theoretically informed research protocol. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 1608–1620.
Alderfer, M. A., & Sood, E. (2016). Using qualitative research methods to improve clinical care in pediatric psychology. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 4, 358–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000164
AlHamad, A. Q., Al Omari, F., & AlHamad, A. Q. (2014). Recommendation for managing patients’ privacy in an integrated health information network. Journal of Information Technology & Economic Development, 5, 47–52. Retrieved from http://www.gsmi-ijgb.com
Altman, D., & Frist, W. H. (2015). Medicare and Medicaid at 50 years: Perspectives of beneficiaries, health care professionals and institutions, and policymakers. Journal of The American Medical Association, 314, 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.7811
Anderson, K. T. (2017). Leveraging researcher reflexivity to consider a classroom event over time: Reflexive discourse analysis of ‘what counts.’ Classroom Discourse, 8, 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2016.1271742
Armit, K., & Oldham, M. (2015). The ethics of managing and leading health services: A view from the United Kingdom. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management, 10, SI18–SI21. Retrieved from https://journal.achsm.org.au
Aryankhesal, A., Sheldon, T. A., & Mannion, R. (2013). Role of pay-for-performance in a hospital performance measurement system: A multiple case study in Iran. Health Policy and Planning, 28, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs055
Bahmani, A., & Farhanian, A. (2018). Investigating the challenges affecting the health system development plan from the viewpoint of the managers and employees of Tehran province hospitals. Rāhburdhā-Yi Mudīriyyat Dar Niẓām-i Salāmat, 3, 80–89. Retrieved from https://doaj.org/
Bank, L., Jippes, M., Leppink, J., Scherpbier, A. J., den Rooyen, C., van Luijk, S. J., & Scheele, F. (2017). Are they ready? Organizational readiness for change among clinical teaching teams. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 8, 807–815. https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s146021
Baum, N. (2017). Seven deadly sins of a medical practice. Journal of Medical Practice Management, 32, 336–339. Retrieved from https://greenbranch.com/store/index.cfm
Bilimoria, N. M. (2015). Responding to audits: Managed care, Medicare, and Medicaid… oh my! Journal of Medical Practice Management, 31, 170–171. Retrieved from https://greenbranch.com/store/index.cfm
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26, 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
Borelli, M., Paul, D. I., & Skiba, M. (2016). Renal dialysis and its financing. Hospital Topics, 94. 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2016.1175203
Bosko, T., Dubow, M., & Koenig, T. (2016). Understanding value-based incentive models and using performance as a strategic advantage. Journal of Health Care Management, 61, 11–14.
Brady, A. M., Byrne, G., Quirke, M. B., Lynch, A., Ennis, S., Bhangu, J., & Prendergast, M. (2017). Barriers to effective, safe communication and workflow between nurses and non-consultant hospital doctors during out-of-hours. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 29, 929–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzx133
Brasfield, J. M. (2015). Medicare’s future: Policy ideas and the coming reform debate. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 37, 462–517 Retrieved from https://jhhsa.spaef.org
Brayda, W. C., & Boyce, T. D. (2014). So you really want to interview me? Navigating “sensitive” qualitative research interviewing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13, 318–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691401300115
Buck, I. D. (2016). Furthering the fiduciary metaphor: The duty of providers to the payers of Medicare. California Law Review, 104, 1043–1094. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z381Z89
Bucknall, T., & Hitch, D. (2018). Connections, communication and collaboration in healthcare’s complex adaptive systems: Comment on “Using complexity and network concepts to inform healthcare knowledge translation.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7, 556–559. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.138
Carter Clement, R., Bhat, S. B., Clement, M. E., & Krieg, J. C. (2017). Medicare reimbursement and orthopedic surgery: Past, present, and future. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 10, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-017-9406-7
Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol refinement framework. Qualitative Report, 21, 811–831. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2013). Lower costs, better care: Reforming our health care delivery system. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2015a). Better care. Smarter spending. Healthier people: Paying providers for value, not volume. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2015b). Prospective payment systems - General information. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2016). Medicare managed care eligibility and enrollment. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2017). HCAHPS: Patients' perspectives of care survey. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
Chandler, J., Rycroft-Malone, J., Hawkes, C., & Noyes, J. (2016). Application of simplified complexity theory concepts for health care social systems to explain the implementation of evidence into practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72, 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12815
Charlesworth, K., Jamieson, M., Butler, C. D., & Davey, R. (2015). The future health care? Australian Health Review, 39, 444–447. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH14243
Conrad, D. A., Grembowski, D., Hernandez, S. E., Lau, B., & Marcus-Smith, M. (2014). Emerging lessons from regional and state innovation in value-based payment reform: Balancing collaboration and disruptive innovation. Milbank Quarterly, 92, 568–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12078
Countouris, M., Gilmore, S., & Yonas, M. (2014). Exploring the impact of a community hospital closure on older adults: A focus group study. Health and Place, 26, 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.11.008
Craig, D. J. (2014). Maximizing reimbursement: What nurse practitioners need to know. The Nurse Practitioner, 39, 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000451906.38641.06
Crema, M., & Verbano, C. (2016). Safety improvements from health lean management implementation. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 33, 1150–1178. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-11-2014-0179
Cronin, C. (2014). Workplace learning – A health care perspective. Education & Training, 56, 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-03-2013-0039
Curtis, L. H., Brown, J., & Platt, R. (2014). Four health data networks illustrate the potential for a shared national multipurpose big-data network. Health Affairs, 33, 1178–1186. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0121
de Freitas Moura Souza, A. M., de Oliveira, S. B., & Daher, E. P. (2016). Mapping the hospital billing process: The case of a federal hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Procedia Computer Science, 100, 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.210
Dezfuli, B., & Smith, J. L. (2012). Level of billing as a function of resident documentation and orthopedic subspecialty at an academic multispecialty orthopedic surgery practice. Orthopedics (Online), 35, 1655–1658. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20121023-26
Downey, L., Zun, L. S., Burke, T., & Jefferson, T. (2014). Who pays? How reimbursement impacts the emergency department. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration, 36, 400–416. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/journal/jhealhumaservadm
Elliott, M. N., Beckett, M. K., Lehrman, W. G., Cleary, P., Cohea, C. W., Giordano, L. A... & Damberg, C. L. (2016). Understanding the role played by Medicare’s patient experience points system in hospital reimbursement. Health Affairs, 35, 1673–1680. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0691
Emmel, N. (2015). Themes, variables, and the limits to calculating sample size in qualitative research: A response to Fugard and Potts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18, 685–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2015.1005457
Eppel, E. (2016). Complexity thinking in public administration’s theories-in-use. Public Management Review, 19, 845–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1235721
Erickson, K. F., Winkelmayer, W. C., Chertow, G. M., & Bhattacharya, J. (2017). Hemodialysis hospitalizations and readmissions: The effects of payment reform. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 69, 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.033
Feemster, L. C., & Au, D. H. (2015). Penalizing hospitals for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease readmissions. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 189, 634–639. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201308-1541pp
Foley, C., Droog, E., Healy, O., McHugh, S., Buckley, C., & Browne, J. P. (2017). Understanding perspectives on major system change: A comparative case study of public engagement and the implementation of urgent and emergency care system reconfiguration. Health Policy, 121, 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.05.009
Gilman, M., Adams, E. K., Hockenberry, J. M., Wilson, I. B., Milstein, A. S., & Becker, E. R. (2014). Hospitals. California safety-net hospitals likely to be penalized by ACA value, readmission, and meaningful-use programs. Health Affairs, 33, 1314–1322. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0138
Grabowski, D. C., Caudry, D. J., Dean, K. M., & Stevenson, D. G. (2015). Integrated payment and delivery models offer opportunities and challenges for residential care facilities. Health Affairs, 34, 1650–1656. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0330
Harris, S. F., & Swallow, S. D. (2016). Provider-based reimbursement: Enjoying it while it lasts. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 18, 41–44. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/journal-of-health-care-compliance/oclc/728405620
Hartwell, C. (2017). Understanding “development”: Insights from some aspects of complexity theory. Homo Oeconomicus, 34, 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-017- 0050-7
Hernandez, J., Machacz, S. F., & Robinson, J. C. (2015). US hospital payment adjustments for innovative technology lag behind those in Germany, France, and Japan. Health Affairs, 34, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1017
Herwartz, H., & Strumann, C. (2014). Hospital efficiency under prospective reimbursement schemes: An empirical assessment for the case of Germany. The European Journal of Health Economics, 15, 175–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-013-0464-5
Houghton, C., Casey, D., Shaw, D., & Murphy, K. (2013). Rigour in qualitative case-study research. Nurse Researcher, 20, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.03.20.4.12.e326
Huckfeldt, P. J., Sood, N., Escarce, J. J., Grabowski, D. C., & Newhouse, J. P. (2014). Effects of Medicare payment reform: Evidence from the home health interim and prospective payment systems. Journal of Health Economics, 34, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.11.005
Huerta, T., Harle, C., Huerta, T., Ford, E., Harle, C. A., Huerta, T. R... Menachemi, N. (2013). Overcoming challenges to achieving meaningful use: Insights from hospitals that successfully received Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services payments in 2011. Journal of The American Medical Informatics Association, 20, 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001142
Hyett, N., Kenny, A., & Dickson-Swift, V. (2014). Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative case study reports. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9, 23606–23618. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.23606
Janghorban, R., Roudsari, R. L., & Taghipour, A. (2014). Skype interviewing: The new generation of online synchronous interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9, 24152–24155. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.24152
Johnson, M., Hara, R. O., Hirst, E., Weyman, A., Turner, J., Mason, S... O'Hara, R. (2017). Multiple triangulation and collaborative research using qualitative methods to explore decision making in pre-hospital emergency care. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0290-z
Jun, L., Tsai, J. C., & Gong, D. (2016). Trends in Medicare service volume for cataract surgery and the impact of the Medicare physician fee schedule. Health Services Research, 52, 1409–1426. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12535
Kittinger, B. J., Matejicka, A., & Mahabir, R. C. (2016). Surgical precision in clinical documentation connects patient safety, quality of care, and reimbursement. Perspectives in Health Information Management,13(1), 1–11. Retrieved from http://perspectives.ahima.org/
Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2017). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24, 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092
Kreimer, S. (2014). 15 ways to fight claim denials. Optometry Times, 6, 26–28. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/
Krinsky, S., Ryan, A. M., Mijanovich, T., & Blustein, J. (2017). Variation in payment rates under Medicare’s inpatient prospective payment system. Health Services Research, 52, 676–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12490
Kruth, J. G. (2015). Five qualitative research approaches and their applications in parapsychology. Journal of Parapsychology, 79, 219–233. Retrieved from http://www.parapsych.org/section/17/journal_of_parapsychology.aspx
Larch, S. (2012). Leverage technology to improve your revenue cycle. Journal of Medical Practice Management, 27, 378–380. Retrieved from https://greenbranch.com/store/index.cfm/product/4_31/the-journal-of-medicalpractice-management.cfm
Lestari, E., Stalmeijer, R. E., Widyandana, D., & Scherpbier, A. (2018). Understanding attitude of health care professional teachers toward interprofessional health care collaboration and education in a Southeast Asian country. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 11, 557–571. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s178566
Liao, H., & Hitchcock, J. (2018). Reported credibility techniques in higher education evaluation studies that use qualitative methods: A research synthesis. Evaluation and Program Planning, 68, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.03.005
Lockett, K. M. (2014). Integrating hospital and physician revenue cycle operations. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal of The Healthcare Financial Management Association, 68, 38–41. Retrieved from https://www.hfma.org/hfm/
Long, M. K., McDermott, F., & Meadows, G. N. (2018). Being pragmatic about healthcare complexity: Our experiences applying complexity theory and pragmatism to health services research. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1087-6
Lovell, B. (2015). 'We are a tight community': Social groups and social identity in medical undergraduates. Medical Education, 49, 1016–1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12781
Lu, N., Huang, K., & Johnson, J. A. (2015). Reducing excess readmissions: Promising effect of hospital readmissions reduction program in US hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 28, 53–58. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzv090
Majda, A. J., & Qi, D. (2017). Effective control of complex turbulent dynamical systems through statistical functionals. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 114, 5571–5576. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704013114
Mammen, J. R., Norton, S. A., Rhee, H., & Butz, A. M. (2016). New approaches to qualitative interviewing: Development of a card sort technique to understand subjective patterns of symptoms and responses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 58, 90–96.
Manchikanti, L., Helm, S. I., Calodney, A. K., & Hirsch, J. A. (2017). Merit-based incentive payment system: Meaningful changes in the final rule brings cautious optimism. Pain Physician, 20, 1–12. Retrieved from http://www.painphysicianjournal.com
Marier, A. (2015). Do hospitals react to penalties? The impact of financial penalties on hospital score reporting behavior. Journal of Economic Issues, 49, 227–251. doi:10.1080/00213624.2015.1013888
Mason, M. (2016). Is thorough implementation of policy change in education actually possible? What complexity theory tells us about initiating and sustaining change. European Journal of Education, 51, 437–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12193
Matysiewicz, J. (2016). Systemic products and value creation process in health care networks. Journal of Economics & Management, 24, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2016.24.05
Mayhew, C. (2016). Thinking about change: Discussion of Margy Sperry’s “From theory to clinical practice: Psychoanalytic Complexity theory and the lived experience of complexity.” International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 11, 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551024.2016.1213099
McClellan, M. (2015). Accountable care organizations and evidence-based payment reform. Journal of The American Medical Association, 313, 2128–2130. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.5087
McClellan, M. B., & Leavitt, M. O. (2016). Competencies and tools to shift payments from volume to value. Journal of The American Medical Association, 316, 1655–1656. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.14205
McDermid, F., Peters, K., Jackson, D., & Daly, J. (2014). Conducting qualitative research in the context of pre-existing peer and collegial relationships. Nurse Researcher, 2, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.21.5.28.e1232
Mechanic, R. E. (2016). Opportunities and challenges for payment reform observations from Massachusetts. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 41, 743–762. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3620917
Medical Society of New Jersey. (2018) Summary of “out of network” legislation. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/smerritt/Downloads/June%20OON%20summary.pdf
Miracle, V. A. (2016). The Belmont Report: The triple crown of research ethics. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 35, 223–228. https://10.1097/DCC.0000000000000186
Mirani, R., & Harpalani, A. (2014). The Medicare electronic health records (EHR) incentive program: First-year adoption response from inpatient hospitals. Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, 24, 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2014.956601
Morgan, S. S., Pullon, S. H., Macdonald, L. M., McKinlay, E. M., & Gray, B. V. (2017). Case study observational research: A framework for conducting case study research where observation data are the focus. Qualitative Health Research, 27, 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316649160
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25, 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
Needleman, J., Kim, Y. S., Ponce, N. A., Kleerup, E. C., Ganz, P. A., & Lorenz, K. A. (2015). Medicare payment policy creates incentives for long-term care hospitals to time discharges for maximum reimbursement. Health Affairs, 34, 907–915. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0778
Nuño-Solinís, R. (2018). Are healthcare organizations ready for change? Comment on “Development and content validation of a transcultural instrument to assess organizational readiness for knowledge translation in healthcare organizations: The OR4KT.” International Journal of Health Policy & Management, 7, 1158–1160. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.95
O’Lawrence, H., & Poyaoan-Linzaga, M. (2018). Effective communication provides early intervention among Medicare patients. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior (PrAcademics Press), 21, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-03-2018-0018
Padula, W. V., Bridges, J. P., Gibbons, R. D., Hedeker, D., Pronovost, P. J., Mishra, M. K... Meltzer, D. O. (2017). Using clinical data to predict high-cost performance coding issues associated with pressure ulcers: A multilevel cohort model. Journal of The American Medical Informatics Association, 24, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw118
Panning, R. (2014). Current status of clinical laboratory reimbursement. Clinical Laboratory Science: Journal of The American Society for Medical Technology, 27, 119–126. Retrieved from http://www.ascls.org/continuing-education/publications
Peabody, J. W., Shimkhada, R., Quimbo, S., Solon, O., Javier, X., & McCulloch, C. (2014). The impact of performance incentives on child health outcomes: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in the Philippines. Health Policy & Planning, 29, 615–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt047
Pitre, N. Y., & Kushner, K. E. (2015). Theoretical triangulation as an extension of feminist intersectionality in qualitative family research. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 7, 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12084
Pollock, K. (2013). The revenue engine that could: "Think you can" by refining the revenue cycle with the right people, processes, and tools. Journal of Medical Practice Management, 28, 390–393. Retrieved from https://greenbranch.com/store/index.cfm
Pontefract, S. K., Coleman, J. J., Vallance, H. K., Hirsch, C. A., Shah, S., Marriott, J. F., & Redwood, S. (2018). The impact of computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support on pharmacist-physician communication in the hospital setting: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 13, 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207450
Proches, C. G., & Bodhanya, S. (2014). Exploring stakeholder interactions through the lens of complexity theory: Lessons from the sugar industry. Quality & Quantity, 49, 2507-2525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0124-6
Rosenthal, M. M. (2016). Qualitative research methods: Why, when, and how to conduct interviews and focus groups in pharmacy research. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning, 8, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2016.03.021
Rosati, R. J., Russell, D., Peng, T., Brickner, C., Kurowski, D., Christopher, M. A., & Sheehan, K. M. (2014). Medicare home health payment reform may jeopardize access for clinically complex and socially vulnerable patients. Health Affairs, 33, 946–956. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1159
Ryan, A. M., Burgess, J. J., Pesko, M. F., Borden, W. B., & Dimick, J. B. (2015). The early effects of Medicare's mandatory hospital pay‐for‐performance program. Health Services Research, 50, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12206
Safdar, N., Abbo, L. M., Knobloch, M. J., & Seo, S. K. (2016). Research methods in health care epidemiology: Survey and qualitative research. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 37, 1272–1277. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.171
Saragih, H., Lo, L., Reza, B., & Setiadi, D. (2013). Analysis information system of inpatient billing system's support for consumables logistics using pieces framework: Case study Promedika hospital. Journal of Information Systems, 8, 16-21. https://doi.org/10.21609/jsi.v8i1.319
Sarma, S. K. (2015). Qualitative research: Examining the misconceptions. South Asian Journal of Management, 22, 176–191. Retrieved from http://www.sajm-amdisa.org/
Senot, C., Chandrasekaran, A., & Ward, P. T. (2016). Collaboration between service professionals during the delivery of health care: Evidence from a multiple-case study in U.S. hospitals. Journal of Operations Management, 42, 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.03.004
Sood, N., Alpert, A., Barnes, K., Huckfeldt, P., & Escarce, J. J. (2017). Effects of payment reform in more versus less competitive markets. Journal of Health Economics, 51, 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.12.006
Stadnicka, S. K., Kowal, M., Trojanowska, A., & Zarzycka., D. (2018). Clinical competencies of nurses and forms of postgraduate education. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 8, 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1419503
Stewart, H., Gapp, R., & Harwood, I. (2017). Exploring the alchemy of qualitative management research: Seeking trustworthiness, credibility, and rigor through crystallization. Qualitative Report, 22, 1–19. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/
Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2018). Effects of training and development on employee outcomes and firm innovative performance: Moderating roles of voluntary participation and evaluation. Human Resource Management, 57, 1339–1353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21909
Tan, K. W., & Shankararaman, V. (2014). Hippi Care Hospital: Towards proactive business processes in emergency room services. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25, 283–288. Retrieved from http://jise.org/default.html
Therrien, M., Normandin, J., & Denis, J. (2017). Bridging complexity theory and resilience to develop surge capacity in health systems. Journal of Health Organization & Management, 31, 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-04-2016-0067
Thomas, C. W., Corso, L., & Monroe, J. A. (2015). The value of the "system" in public health services and systems research. American Journal of Public Health, 105, S174–S149. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302625
Thomas, D. R. (2017). Feedback from research participants: Are member checks useful in qualitative research? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 14, 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2016.1219435
Tingle, J. (2018). Communication breakdown in healthcare settings. British Journal of Nursing, 27, 1204–1205. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.20.1204
Turner, J. S., Broom, K. D., & Counte, M. A. (2015). Is there a relationship between value-based purchasing and hospital profitability? An exploratory study of Missouri hospitals. Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology, 2(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333392815606096
Unicomb, R., Colyvas, K., Harrison, E., & Hewat, S. (2015). Assessment of reliable change using 95% credible intervals for the differences in proportions: A statistical analysis for case-study methodology. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58, 728–739. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0158
Unruh, M. A., Jung, H., Kaushal, R., & Vest, J. R. (2017). Hospitalization event notifications and reductions in readmissions of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries in the Bronx, New York. Journal of The American Medical Informatics Association, 24, 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw139
Vass, C., Rigby, D., & Payne, K. (2017). The role of qualitative research methods in discrete choice experiments: A systematic review and survey of authors. Medical Decision Making, 37, 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X16683934
Walsh, F. P., Meskell, P., Burke, E., & Dowling, M. (2017). Recovery-based training in mental health: Effects on staff knowledge and attitudes to recovery. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38, 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1346014
Weil, T. P. (2013). Hospital reimbursement incentives: Is there a more effective option? Part II. Journal of Medical Practice Management, 28, 254–256. Retrieved from http://www.mpmnetwork.com/section_47_MPM-Journal.cfm
White, C., & Wu, V. Y. (2014). How do hospitals cope with sustained slow growth in Medicare prices? Health Services Research, 49, 11–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12101
Winchester, C. L., Salji, M. J., & Kasivisvanathan, V. (2017). Gathering preliminary data. Journal of Clinical Urology, 10, 568–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051415817724713
Wölfer, R. R., Jaspers, E., Blaylock, D., Wigoder, C., Hughes, J., & Hewstone, M. (2017). Studying positive and negative direct and extended contact: Complementing self-reports with social network analysis. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 1566–1581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217719732
Wu, V. Y., & Shen, Y. (2014). Long-term impact of Medicare payment reductions on patient outcomes. Health Services Research, 49, 1596–1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12185
Yin, R. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications
Yongxin, L., Deschamps, F., de Freitas Rocha Loures, E., & Pierin Ramos, L. F. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 - a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55, 3609–3629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1308576
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i1.18212
Copyright (c) 2021 Samirah Merritt-Myrick, David Harris III
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Human Resource Studies ISSN 2162-3058
Email: ijhrs@macrothink.org
Copyright © Macrothink Institute
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'macrothink.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
