Electoral Democracy and the Breakdown of the 2019 Presidential Election in Nigeria: Issues, Challenges, and Lessons Learned

Abstract

This study critically evaluates Nigeria's 2019 presidential election breakdown, exploring the underlying issues, structural challenges, and implications for the nation's democratic development. Nigeria, often regarded as the largest electoral democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa, has struggled with public mistrust in its electoral processes, mainly from allegations of vote manipulation, ethno-religious bias in party formation, and the pervasive influence of incumbency. Findings from the analysis reveal that voter apathy was significantly driven by a perception that powerful political actors predetermine electoral outcomes. Moreover, political parties in Nigeria continue to lack ideological foundations, aligning more with sectional and religious interests than with coherent national visions. As a result, democratic consolidation remains fragile. The study emphasizes the urgent need for ideological realignment, institutional reform, and a reorientation of the electorate toward civic responsibility and political engagement. Only through these transformations can Nigeria move toward an inclusive, fair, and participatory democratic system.